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Code & Deliverynoun · /ˈsaɪd ɪˈfekt/

side effect

In simple English

In software development, a side effect occurs when a function or method does something beyond returning a value to the caller. For example, a function that fetches user data might also log the request to a database, update a cache, or modify global state. While some side effects are necessary and intentional, developers generally try to minimize them because they make code harder to test, debug, and predict. When a function has no side effects (pure function), it becomes easier to understand, test, and reuse in different contexts. Managing side effects is a core concern in code reviews and architecture discussions, especially when designing systems that must be reliable and maintainable.

Understand what side effects are in programming and why developers try to avoid them.

At a glanceCEFR B2
Commonness5/5
Versatility4/5
FormalityCasualFormalNeutral
Spoken ↔ WrittenSpokenWrittenBoth
Directness ↔ DiplomaticDirectDiplomaticDirect
RegionUS and UK
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Say it like this

This function has too many side effects
We need to eliminate side effects from this module
Be careful about side effects when refactoring

Real examples

in a code review

"This function modifies the global cache as a side effect, which makes it harder to unit test."

in a standup

"We discovered that the authentication function had an unexpected side effect of clearing user sessions."

in a team meeting

"To improve maintainability, we should refactor these components to minimize side effects."

Don't say this

Handle with care. Non-tech speakers may confuse it with the medical meaning (adverse reaction to medicine). In tech, it refers to when code changes something beyond its intended output, not about negative consequences.

The side effect of the code is that it works faster now.
The side effect of the code is that it modifies the global state unexpectedly.Side effect means an unintended state change, not a result or benefit. Use 'benefit' or 'result' for positive outcomes.
This function is side effect.
This function has side effects or This is a pure function without side effects.Side effect is a noun phrase, not an adjective. You cannot describe something as side effect; you describe what has side effects.
Can you side effect this code?
Can you remove the side effects from this code?Side effect is not typically used as a verb. Use phrases like remove side effects, minimize side effects, or manage side effects.

Other forms

noun

side effect

"The function has a side effect that modifies the database."

noun phrase

side effects (plural)

"We need to eliminate the side effects in this module."

adjective

side-effect-free or pure

"Pure functions are side-effect-free and easier to test."

Often used with

has side effectsMost common collocation; describes when code causes unintended state changes
minimize side effectsDescribes the goal of reducing unwanted state changes in code
unintended side effectEmphasizes that the state change was not planned or expected
side effects occurDescribes when side effects happen during execution
remove side effectsDescribes refactoring code to eliminate state changes

Similar words

unintended consequenceMore general term; side effect is more specific to code behavior
state mutationMore technical; refers specifically to changing program state
external changeBroader term; side effect is more precise in technical contexts

Opposites

pure functionno side effects

Practice

Try it

4 quick exercises

Pick the most natural phrasing

1. Your teammate wrote a function that modifies global variables. You want to flag this in code review. Which sounds most natural?

Complete the sentence

2. We should refactor the API handler to _______ _______ because it makes testing difficult.

Spot the mistake

3. Which sentence uses side effect incorrectly?

Rewrite naturally

4. Rewrite this in natural tech English using side effect: The problem with this code is that it changes things it should not change, and that makes it difficult to understand what it does.

Questions

Quick poll

Have you said "side effect" in a standup this week?

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